Sensitive Teeth? Causes, Symptoms, and Remedies

Sensitive Teeth? Causes, Symptoms, and Remedies

Dentinal Hypersensitivity is the unpleasant or painful sensation caused by cold and acidic stimuli, resulting from exposed dentine. Dentine is the porous portion of the tooth, rich in microscopic tubules containing nerve fibres, and is protected by the enamel. When enamel protection is lost, or the gums recede, the exposed dentine becomes sensitive, responding with a sharp pain to stimuli of various kinds: thermal, chemical, tactile, or osmotic. Furthermore, as dentine is less resistant than enamel, teeth become significantly more susceptible to cavities.

The Causes of Dentinal Hypersensitivity

Dentinal Hypersensitivity is a form of “useful pain” — a symptom detector and early warning signal; at the first signs, it is essential to consult your dentist without delay. It is important to establish whether the cause of the sensitivity is attributable to enamel loss (through acid erosion or mechanical abrasion) or to a process of gum recession (periodontitis). Diagnosis is essential not only to determine the correct treatment, but above all to prevent more serious and irreversible conditions.

One of the primary treatments for eliminating Dentinal Hypersensitivity involves “sealing” — with specific products — those microscopic tubules that transmit stimuli to the nerve fibres. However, it is equally essential to control and contain oral acidity, avoiding acidic foods and beverages such as fruit juices, wine, coffee, and carbonated drinks, which are capable of lowering the pain threshold and making dental sensitivity more acute.

Dentinal Hypersensitivity: Remedies

Clinical experience has demonstrated that Cariex® is capable of significantly reducing pain symptoms. Daily use is recommended — not only immediately after the consumption of food or beverages, but also throughout the day between meals and at night before bedtime. Cariex® is in fact capable of inhibiting the effects of external acidic stimuli; by maintaining oral pH at a neutral level, it prevents demineralisation of the exposed dentine, making the therapy prescribed by the dentist and/or dental hygienist considerably more effective and faster-acting.
 
Ask for Cariex® at your pharmacy!
Protected Smiles: Enjoy Your Holidays Carefree

Protected Smiles: Enjoy Your Holidays Carefree

At last, the most anticipated time of the year has arrived: the days grow longer, the temperatures rise… and with the final day of school, our children welcome the start of summer vacation.

After months spent bent over books or following their teachers’ guidance, the long‑awaited freedom of summer is a moment of pure joy for the little ones. Ahead of them stretch endless weeks filled with play, exploration, and family holidays.

This slower pace naturally brings a more relaxed attitude toward rules. Bedtimes get later, ice cream becomes a more frequent treat – and teeth can feel the effects.

The daily routine gives way to the pleasant novelty of a week at the beach, a mountain retreat, or a visit to a city of art or a European capital. Nothing quite like a trip — with all its excitement and new experiences — can positively turn our children’s world upside down. It is up to us as parents to guide them in maintaining healthy smiles even when we set off towards our summer holiday destination. Let us never forget: younger teeth need a little extra care!

Good Habits Don’t Take a Holiday

The schedule may be packed, and the inclination to enforce the rules may wane now that we can finally relax — but maintaining the oral hygiene routine we have taught our children to follow at home is the first step towards keeping their teeth healthy on holiday too. Encouraging younger ones to adopt a healthy habit may take weeks of effort, but just one week of laziness can undo all the progress made. The number one rule for every parent, therefore, must be to set the tone for the holiday with consistency: whether we are at the beach or in the mountains, after every meal — everyone brushes their teeth!

A Suitcase… Holiday-Proof Smile Guaranteed

Swimsuit or hiking boots? Packed. Sun cream? Packed. But in our children’s luggage, we must also make sure to leave room for an oral hygiene kit. Pay particular attention to the toothbrush: make sure to use a perforated plastic toothbrush cover. Ventilation allows the bristles to stay dry, limiting bacterial growth.

The kit must also include the other essential elements for keeping teeth in top condition: toothpaste, dental floss, mouthwash, and saliva substitute sprays. On holiday, it is common to eat out or snack during a walk without having the immediate opportunity to brush, as we have taught our children to do. To deal with these pleasant predicaments, it can be very useful to carry a saliva substitute — it allows oral pH to be buffered after eating, limiting the proliferation of the bacteria that cause cavities and buying us the time we need to reach a toothbrush.

If we prefer to travel light — whether due to airline restrictions or because we have an on-the-go holiday planned — it is useful to choose oral hygiene products in travel-sized packaging, or to decant the desired amount into reusable containers.

A Healthy Diet

The summer holidays are the perfect time to indulge in a few treats. Whether it is an ice cream snack after a day at the beach or a slice of cake at a mountain lodge, our children are never more exposed to continuous temptations than when we are on holiday.
Limiting sugar intake is always rule number one for keeping teeth healthy. A little indulgence is fine, but whenever possible we should encourage kids to choose healthier options, such as fresh fruit snacks.

Hydration First and Foremost

It is the fundamental rule for staying healthy, but in the heat of the summer months it becomes even more important not to forget to stay adequately hydrated. Dehydration also affects oral health, causing a reduction in saliva production and therefore a greater susceptibility of the mouth to attack by harmful microorganisms.

Long train or plane journeys to reach holiday destinations can tempt our children to quench their thirst with less suitable drinks: it is always better to avoid consuming sweet and carbonated beverages, which are often acidic and consistently harmful to dental health.

Finally, on a sunny afternoon the temptation to quench one’s thirst with an ice-cold drink is irresistible. Ice, however, is no friend to teeth — it can damage enamel and cause painful reactions in those who are particularly sensitive. Using a straw helps limit this type of damage, although it is always preferable to consume beverages that are not excessively cold.

A Dental Check‑Up Before You Go

The weeks before departure are the ideal time for a dental check-up: let us suggest to our children that they schedule their periodic visit shortly before the holiday, so that they can head into their well-deserved days of rest with teeth and gums in top condition. Nobody wants to risk a cavity on the beach, after all!

Oral Hygiene Across the Ages

Oral Hygiene Across the Ages

We are often presented with numerous recommendations regarding a balanced diet suited to different stages of life, yet it is rarely discussed how to adjust one’s Diet to support proper Oral Hygiene at various points throughout life.

0–5 YEARS – EARLY CHILDHOOD
For infants, a gauze pad is essential. Even in very young babies, the bacteria responsible for plaque formation develop and proliferate due to residues of milk or baby food. After each feeding, it is advisable to gently wipe the baby’s gums with a gauze pad dampened with water.
In early infancy (0–2 years), it is recommended to avoid juices or sugary drinks from a bottle, particularly during the night, and to introduce children to toothbrushing from the very beginning.
In the later toddler years (2–5 years), it is important not to overindulge children with sweets, snacks, and sugary beverages, in order to prevent the premature loss of milk teeth — which can lead to misalignment of the permanent teeth as they grow.

6–18 YEARS – ADOLESCENCE
As children grow and become more independent in their eating habits, it is important to guide them towards limiting between-meal snacks and maintaining proper oral hygiene — particularly for those wearing orthodontic appliances. Especially during the teenage years, it is advisable to limit the consumption of carbonated drinks, which are a leading cause of dental erosion and cavities.

18–65 YEARS – ADULTHOOD
In adulthood, people tend to be considerably more aware of the principles of good oral hygiene, yet hectic lifestyles and eating away from home often take over. Avoiding frequent snacking, highly acidic foods, and brushing regularly are undoubtedly among the key principles of a sound oral diet — essential for preventing many of the most common dental conditions and premature ageing of the teeth.

OVER 65 YEARS – OLDER ADULTHOOD
At this stage, the oral cavity reflects the cumulative effects of all the conditions developed throughout one’s lifetime. Older individuals may have more sensitive gums, have lost some teeth, and experience reduced salivation — making it all the more important to adapt one’s oral diet to their specific condition and to undergo more frequent dental check-ups.

Cariex® dental spray, which controls oral pH, is suitable for every age: in early childhood to counteract oral thrush and facilitate oral hygiene in young ones; in adolescence for between-meal snacks and those wearing orthodontic appliances; in adulthood to prevent cavities and erosion and maintain a youthful smile; and in older adults to relieve the symptoms of xerostomia and gum-related issues. Cariex® is always particularly recommended when brushing is not possible and before bedtime.

Oral Hygiene on Holiday?

Oral Hygiene on Holiday?

Holidays are approaching, and with them, our usual oral hygiene routine often takes a little break.

Unfortunately, hot weather and prolonged sun exposure can contribute to bothersome inflammation, often causing sudden toothaches and sore gums. It’s important to stay vigilant, even when you’re far from home.

With the increasing consumption of cold and/or particularly sugary beverages, the risk of Cavities, Dental Erosion, and Sensitivity also grows exponentially.

Frequent snacks or drinks between meals don’t help either, as they constantly lower the pH in the mouth, leaving teeth exposed to prolonged demineralization and more vulnerable to acid attacks that cause erosion.

During long flights, when tap water is often unavailable, even brushing your teeth may be impossible.

In all of these cases, Cariex® will be your most trusted companion. A few sprays after eating immediately raise pH, preventing Cavities, Erosion, and Dentinal Hypersensitivity, while leaving you with a pleasant sensation of freshness.

Ask for It at Your Pharmacy and Pack It in Your Suitcase!

Swimmers and Dental Erosion: How to Protect Your Teeth

Swimmers and Dental Erosion: How to Protect Your Teeth

We are often told that our permanent teeth are meant to last a lifetime, and therefore they deserve the best possible care. This is achievable through a healthy and balanced lifestyle. However, there are situations where this delicate balance is disrupted.

In this brief literature review, we focus on dental erosion – the progressive loss of tooth surface caused by non-bacterial acidic sources – in swimmers.

Dental Erosion: Triggering Causes

The triggering cause lies in the excessive acidity of the surrounding environment: for erosion to progress, the pH level of the solution must be below 5.5 for enamel and 6.0 for dentine.

This situation arises when the source of acidity is intrinsic (such as the presence of gastroesophageal reflux and episodes of vomiting), as well as extrinsic (caused by medications and dietary supplements). In addition to these two categories, consideration must also be given to those who may be or are exposed to acidic environments for occupational reasons, as in the case of swimmers.

It is worth noting that according to the latest WHO guidelines from 2006, the pH of swimming pool water using chlorine-based disinfectants should be maintained between 7.2 and 7.8, well above the 5.5 threshold mentioned earlier.

Not all swimmers or pools are under the same conditions, and ideally, swimmers should be in perfect dental health. Oral diseases negatively impact quality of life and can reduce performance during training and competition, causing pain, anxiety, lack of focus, and ultimately suboptimal results.

Dental Erosion: Professional vs. Amateur Swimmers

A further important distinction is between professional and amateur swimmers: competitive swimmers — those training for longer hours in the water — have shown a higher incidence of dental trauma and staining compared to non-competitive swimmers. This may be attributed to the chemical substances used to disinfect pool water and the time spent in swimming pools: physical exertion becomes sufficiently vigorous to allow contact between the water and dental surfaces. As a general rule, more than 6 hours of training per week are required to increase the risk of dental staining.

Some studies report cases where inconsistent pool pH control caused dental erosion – even severe cases within just two weeks. If this exposure is combined with the consumption of sports drinks, the risk of developing erosive lesions increases, although this remains debated in the literature.

The pathogenic mechanism of dental erosion is based on the dissociation of hydroxyapatite and the reduced mineralization of the dental hard tissue due to prolonged and frequent acid exposure.

In fact, our body neutralizes the effects of acid attacks by relying on the buffering capacity of saliva, which restores the proper pH in the oral cavity in approximately 30-40 minutes.

However, this ideal scenario is rarely reflected in daily sports practice, as exposure to the chemical agent can be prolonged, and salivary flow may also be reduced during intense physical exercise due to dehydration.

In fact, the likelihood of developing dental erosion was found to be 5.3 times higher among swimmers with more than three years of swimming experience.

The alarming aspect that warrants reflection is that over 80% of those surveyed did not consider their situation to be a cause for concern in terms of health, and therefore did not feel a dental visit was necessary. The only reason a swimmer visits the dentist for a check-up is due to problems of dentinal hypersensitivity caused by excessive erosion; this suggests that hypersensitivity may be a reliable indicator of dental erosion.

It is therefore the responsibility of the dental community — those tasked with monitoring the condition of the oral cavity — to proactively manage the onset of erosive lesions. The natural consequence of this is an effective approach to erosion management through screening for early signs of erosion and the assessment of all aetiological factors.
Dentists and dental hygienists must carefully evaluate the erosive potential of the various beverages and foods consumed by the patient, as well as exploring, through targeted questions, the patient’s sporting habits — which, as we have seen, are of fundamental importance.

How to Counteract Demineralisation and Dental Erosion

What alternatives do we have today?

First of all, the worst thing to do is to recommend brushing teeth immediately after swimming: this can be harmful because the tooth surface is softened by the acidic chlorine.

There are several alternatives, and as we’ll see, not all of them are practical in a competitive training setting.

The literature primarily suggests to take advantage of the remineralizing properties of milk and cheese as both contain higher concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions compared to saliva. A variation of this approach involves the use of fluoridated milk, which has been shown to provide protective effects against enamel erosion caused by low‑pH swimming pool water. Applying fluoridated milk both before and after erosive exposure yields the strongest protective benefits. Another option is fluoride itself, though its effectiveness against erosion remains somewhat controversial. Promising results have been observed only with high concentrations of fluoride found in varnishes and foams, rather than in everyday toothpastes.

Fluoride is well known for improving remineralisation and significantly reducing demineralisation in mildly acidic environments. Another alternative involves the adoption of solutions such as chewing gum containing bicarbonate, as it has been demonstrated that the combination of fluoride and bicarbonate considerably increases resistance to acids. However, it should be noted that excessive home use of bicarbonate can cause damage such as dental abrasion. The use of xylitol-containing chewing gum may also be considered: saliva stimulated by sugar-free gum has shown a remineralising action in erosive and abrasive processes. Finally, another useful practice is rinsing the oral cavity with water and sodium bicarbonate after each swimming session.

In conclusion, the use of a sodium bicarbonate spray such as Cariex® on the oral mucosa has proven to be above all the most practical and rapid solution; crucially, it allows for the control of the drop in salivary pH following carbohydrate consumption, contributing to the prevention of cavities and dental erosion.

The recommendation is to brush teeth thoroughly with a soft toothbrush before entering the water, spray Cariex® onto the oral mucosa and dental surfaces, and repeat the process every 40 minutes of training.

– Dr. Simone Bergomi –

For questions, please contact: simone.bergomi93@gmail.com

References

“Rinsing with antacid suspension reduces hydrochloric acid-induced erosion”
Maria do Socorro Coelho Alves, Taís Fonseca Mantilla, Enrico Coser Bridi, Roberta TarkanyBasting, Fabiana Mantovani Gomes França, Flávia Lucisano Botelho Amaral, Cecilia Pedroso Turssi.

“The effect of swimming on oral health status: competitive versus non-competitive athletes”
Simonetta D’Ercole, Marco Tieri, Diego Martinelli, and Domenico Tripodi

“The Effect of Swimming on Oral Ecological Factors”
S. D’Ercole, D. Tripodi

“Prevalence of Dentinal Hypersensitivity and Dental Erosion among Competitive Swimmers, Kerala, India”
Arun Rao, Susan Thomas, Jishnu Krishna Kumar, and Vivek Narayan
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer

“Saliva and dental erosion”
Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, Angélicas Reis Hannas, Melissa Thiemi Kato

“The Status of Mineralized Dental Tissues in Young Competitive Swimmers”
Wojciech Kaczmarek

“Rapid General Dental Erosion by Gas-Chlorinated Swimming Pool Water. Review of the Literature and Case Report”
W Geurtsen

“The Effect of Bicarbonate/Fluoride Dentifrices on Human Plaque pH”
J C Blake-Haskins, A Gaffar, A R Volpe, J Bánóczy, Z Gintner, C Dombi

“The Erosive Effects of Saliva Following Chewing Gum on Enamel and Dentine: An Ex Vivo Study”
E M Paice, R W Vowles, N X West, S M Hooper

“Prevention of Erosive Tooth Wear: Targeting Nutritional and Patient-Related Risks Factors”
M A R Buzalaf, A C Magalhães, D Rios

“Consensus Report of the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry: Erosive Tooth Wear–Diagnosis and Management”
T S Carvalho, P Colon, C Ganss, M C Huysmans, A Lussi, N Schlueter, G Schmalz, R P Shellis, A B Tveit, A Wiegand

“Chapter 9: Acidic Beverages and Foods Associated With Dental Erosion and Erosive Tooth Wear
Thiago Saads Carvalho, Adrian Lussi

“Salivary pH After a Glucose Rinse: Effect of a New Mucoadhesive Spray (Cariex) Based on Sodium Bicarbonate and Xylitol”
G M Abbate, L Levrini, M P Caria

“Effects of tannin-fluoride and milk-fluoride mixture on human enamel erosion from inappropriately chlorinated pool water”
Sumalee Boonviriya, Sissada Tannukit, Suwanna Jitpukdeebodintra

“Rapid and Severe Tooth Erosion from Swimming in an Improperly Chlorinated Pool: Case Report”
Colin Dawes, BSc, BDS, PhD; Carey L. Boroditsky, DMD

“Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments – Swimming Pools and Similar Aquatic Environments” World Health Organization 2006 Edited by the SItI working group – Sports Sciences of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health

“Evidence for biofilm acid neutralization by baking soda”
Domenick T. Zero, DDS, MS ROLE

Brushing their teeth? Learning can be child’s play!

Brushing their teeth? Learning can be child’s play!

Life for little ones is far busier than it might seem – they have so much to learn every day! Not just walking, and later reading, writing, and counting. Most importantly, children need to learn to take care of themselves through small daily habits that, for us adults, have become second nature.

Brushing their teeth is no small feat for a child, and teaching proper oral hygiene can be a challenge for parents. But it’s a challenge worth taking on: by learning from an early age to care for their teeth, children can grow up with a healthy, confident smile.

Unfortunately, when it’s time to pick up the toothbrush, tantrums can arise. Kids may refuse, stomp their feet, insist they absolutely must do something else, or – if you’re lucky – brush quickly just to get back to playing.

Over time, these rushed or skipped brushing sessions can harm their dental health and also create frustration for parents, who are already juggling work, health, and family life.

Turning oral hygiene into a fun experience can be the key to making this routine a positive habit.

So, how can you do it? Here are some helpful tips!

A Family Moment

Children, as we know, love to imitate what they see the “grown-ups” doing — whether it is sneaking into mum’s wardrobe to try on her shoes, or covering their face with shaving foam to be just like dad.
We can teach younger ones the habit of brushing their teeth by becoming an example to follow: if we show enthusiasm when using a toothbrush and toothpaste, presenting it as a pleasant and enjoyable activity, our children will naturally be inclined to imitate our behaviour — with very positive results!

Furthermore, let us learn to brush our teeth together with our children. Not only will we avoid leaving them to their own devices — perhaps brushing half-heartedly or incorrectly — but we will turn this moment into something special: an opportunity to have fun together while engaging in an activity that benefits the whole family. Let us show them how to use a toothbrush and dental floss correctly, and select — with them and for them — the best combination. We should opt for alcohol-free mouthwashes and oral sprays based on natural ingredients, capable of completing the cleaning routine and keeping the mouth healthy and fresh throughout the night, keeping at bay the bacteria responsible for cavities.

A Little Reward for a Job Well Done

For younger children still learning the importance of brushing, encouragement through praise and small rewards can be effective. No sweets or candy, though – we don’t want to undo all the work of keeping their mouths healthy!

Sometimes a little goes a long way in making young ones feel proud of what they have accomplished: a golden star to stick on the calendar, the freedom to choose which bedtime story to have read to them, and why not — after a month of thorough brushing every evening — perhaps a small toy. In this way, tooth brushing will become something to look forward to with joy, rather than a battle to be fought in front of the bathroom sink!

The Right Toothbrush and Toothpaste... With a Tasty Twist!

Choosing the right tools can turn tooth brushing into a fun adventure for children! Let us try offering them a brightly coloured toothbrush — perhaps decorated with their favourite cartoon characters, or shaped like animals for the very youngest.

Toothpaste can also help turn tooth brushing into an enjoyable experience: the shelves of supermarkets and pharmacies are full of alternatives with far more appealing flavours than those we adults are used to. Strawberry or banana-flavoured products are perfectly fine — as long as they are specifically formulated for young children’s teeth!

Make Brushing a Game

Proper oral hygiene takes time. Brushing for only a few seconds is not enough – children need two, ideally three minutes … which can feel like forever!

To make the time pass more quickly, we can try using music — playing our children’s favourite music videos and making sure they brush for the entire duration of the song — or inventing little rhymes that mark out the time needed to brush properly. Another useful idea is to adopt a “tooth friend” — a soft toy whose teeth the children are in charge of brushing, turning responsibility into play and making good habits feel like a game.

Support from Saliva Substitutes

When children are still too young to use a toothbrush safely — without risking accidental injury to the mouth that could create a painful memory associated with oral hygiene time — a convenient solution is saliva substitutes: practical natural-ingredient sprays that are safe for use even with the very youngest.

In fact, these sprays are suitable for every age, and in slightly older children — whose teeth are still developing and therefore more susceptible to cavities — they are a valuable ally alongside the toothbrush. Immediately after eating, oral pH becomes acidic due to the presence of food residues: this acidification, if prolonged, leads to demineralisation, dental erosion, and cavities. In this context, bicarbonate-rich saliva performs a fundamental buffering action, rebalancing pH to natural levels within 40 minutes. During this time window, it is advisable not to brush the teeth, as this facilitates the action of the acidic components of food and damages the enamel; it is therefore better to use natural dental sprays in the meantime — based on bicarbonate, they immediately rebalance oral pH and prevent demineralisation.
These small strategies can truly make the difference between an all-out battle and a few pleasant minutes spent together, carrying out an activity that should become a routine for the whole family.