Further Reading Archives

Oral Health During Pregnancy: Essential for Both Mother and Baby

Children who become irritable, who cry inconsolably for no apparent reason, who refuse to eat despite being hungry… but what is going on? As parents, we often feel helpless in the face of these mysterious ailments that torment our little ones.
However, when a yawn from a baby or infant reveals a white coating on the tongue, the answer may be within reach: it could be oral thrush.

What is Oral Thrush?

Oral thrush is an infection of the oral cavity affecting on average 7 out of 10 children. Due to their still-developing immune system, infants up to 10 weeks of age are particularly susceptible to oral thrush, although this type of infection can also affect older children and even adults.

The microorganism responsible for this unpleasant condition is a fungus — Candida albicans — naturally present on the skin and in healthy mucous membranes. Generally this fungus is harmless, but when it begins to proliferate uncontrollably, infections can develop. This can occur, for example, following antibiotic treatment that lowers the body’s defences, or — as mentioned — in young children, where the immune system is not yet capable of properly controlling the multiplication of the fungus. Candida can proliferate in various parts of the body, with a preference for warmer and more humid areas, such as the nappy area. Particular attention should be paid to breastfeeding mothers: Candida can in fact pass from the baby’s mouth to the mother’s breast, infecting the mother as well.

Although it is a very common infection, certain groups of children may be more susceptible. Premature babies or those born with a very low birth weight, for example, may have a particularly fragile immune system and therefore be less equipped to fight off Candida.
In some cases, Candida can be transmitted to the baby during natural childbirth if the mother is affected by vaginal candidiasis.

Thrush: 4 Steps to Get Rid of It!

Although it does not generally represent a serious threat to their health, oral thrush is very distressing for young children, and it is important to resolve it as quickly as possible to allow our little ones to sleep soundly again. The most evident symptom is the appearance of whitish spots and patches on the mucosa of the tongue, the inner cheeks, and the gums. These patches should not be confused with milk residues, which are washed away spontaneously by saliva and cause no discomfort whatsoever. Oral thrush in children can make the mouth sore and inflamed. As a consequence, the child may drool excessively, become irritable, or even refuse food.
Oral thrush lesions must absolutely not be scraped off in an attempt to remove them: doing so would only worsen the inflammatory state, leading to the development of reddened and painful areas and causing the child even greater distress.

So, how can we deal with this condition? Here are four helpful tips to combat oral Candida in children.

Prevention

As we have already seen, Candida is a microorganism that naturally lives on our children’s bodies without causing harm, so it is neither possible nor necessary to eliminate it entirely. It is however advisable to pay particular attention to the cleanliness of everything that comes into contact with our children’s mouths, in order to avoid creating fertile ground for its proliferation. It can therefore be very useful to sterilise dummies and bottle teats frequently, favouring materials such as silicone, which are less susceptible to microbial attack and better able to withstand high temperatures. The same treatment should be applied to toys.

Nutrition

In older children who have already completed weaning, diet can provide concrete help in combating oral candidiasis. Like many harmful microorganisms, the one responsible for oral thrush also has a particularly strong “sweet tooth”. Let us teach our children to favour healthy, low-sugar foods: it is therefore best to keep consumption of snacks, biscuits, chocolate, and sweets to a minimum, and to keep a watchful eye on fruit intake — paying particular attention to grapes, figs, and bananas, which are very high in sugar!

Medical Treatment

Thrush often resolves on its own, but when it is persistent and disrupts the day-to-day life of your little ones (and yours as a parent!), it may be necessary to consult your family pediatrician. Oral Candida infections can be treated with antifungal medications, which must be taken only under medical prescription and supervision. Never self-medicate!

Helping Relieve Oral Discomfort

Saliva substitutes can play an important role in supporting oral well-being in young children affected by thrush. These products can be used after meals to reduce oral acidity and restore a neutral pH, creating an environment that is unfavorable for Candida growth. Normally, saliva performs this buffering function, but it takes about 40 minutes to do so; using a saliva substitute immediately after eating helps bridge this “gap” in saliva activity.

These products are also designed to provide immediate relief from inflammation. Ideally, choose formulations that adhere to the mucosa, prolonging the soothing effect. Spray formats are especially convenient, as they are easier to use with younger children who may be less cooperative.

Xerostomia: An Effective Saliva Substitute

Further Reading, Further Reading, Xerostomia, Xerostomia

Oral dryness is a rather complex condition – often underestimated and, above all, quite frustrating for those who experience it. It is very common among older adults, especially women, and affects roughly a quarter of the population.

Saliva plays a crucial role in many processes: it not only keeps the mouth moist, but also aids digestion, protects teeth from decay, prevents infections by controlling oral bacteria, and makes chewing and swallowing possible.

This issue can range from a mild, temporary reduction in salivary flow – often linked to stress or nervousness – to more complex conditions that compromise oral health, involving both hard and soft tissues.

Dry mouth, also known as Xerostomia, is in fact just a symptom of a range of diseases that affect the salivary glands and alter their ability to produce saliva.

Although a direct scientific link between reduced salivary flow and age has not yet been established, there is a clear correlation between pharmacological therapies and the lack of salivary flow in elderly patients. Several conditions are also associated with the presence of xerostomia, including Sjögren’s Syndrome, Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, as is observable in individuals undergoing radiotherapy treatment.
The lack of salivation is an increasingly pressing issue that can prove particularly distressing for those who suffer from it. To date, none of the saliva substitute products available on the market has proven capable of effectively controlling the symptoms associated with oral dryness.

With this in mind, Cariex® was developed in collaboration with the University of Insubria in Varese. It is a new spray, suitable for use at any time of day and also during the night. The product is based on bicarbonate, ensuring excellent control of salivary pH, lubrication of the oral mucosa, and therefore an immediate sensation of relief for those suffering from xerostomia or hyposalvation.

Sodium bicarbonate dissolves in water and carbon dioxide in the presence of acidity, meaning Cariex® can be used repeatedly throughout the day and during the night by applying the spray directly to the oral mucosa, with no contraindications or side effects. Cariex® is also capable of resolving issues of oral Candidiasis and Halitosis frequently associated with reduced salivation. Furthermore, by controlling acidity, Cariex® reduces the occurrence of cavities and erosion typically observed in those suffering from xerostomia.

Cariex® serves as a reliable saliva substitute. In addition to restoring a neutral pH in the oral cavity, its combination with xylitol helps combat bacteria and infections.

The presence of hyaluronic acid further supports tissue healing, keeps mucous membranes hydrated, and reduces discomfort. It is simple to use: just three sprays whenever dryness occurs and after each meal.

© 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S and The Gerodontology Association. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd: “Impact of a sodium carbonate spray combined with professional oral hygiene procedures in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome: an explorative study” – Alessio Gambino, Roberto Broccoletti, Adriana Cafaro, Marco Cabras, Paola Carcieri and Paolo G. Arduino. Department of Surgical Sciences, CIR – Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.

Protected Smiles: Enjoy Your Holidays Carefree

Further Reading, Cavities, Cavities, Dental Erosion, Dental Erosion, Further Reading, Tooth sensitivity, Tooth sensitivity

At last, the most anticipated time of the year has arrived: the days grow longer, the temperatures rise… and with the final day of school, our children welcome the start of summer vacation.

After months spent bent over books or following their teachers’ guidance, the long‑awaited freedom of summer is a moment of pure joy for the little ones. Ahead of them stretch endless weeks filled with play, exploration, and family holidays.

This slower pace naturally brings a more relaxed attitude toward rules. Bedtimes get later, ice cream becomes a more frequent treat – and teeth can feel the effects.

The daily routine gives way to the pleasant novelty of a week at the beach, a mountain retreat, or a visit to a city of art or a European capital. Nothing quite like a trip — with all its excitement and new experiences — can positively turn our children’s world upside down. It is up to us as parents to guide them in maintaining healthy smiles even when we set off towards our summer holiday destination. Let us never forget: younger teeth need a little extra care!

Good Habits Don’t Take a Holiday

The schedule may be packed, and the inclination to enforce the rules may wane now that we can finally relax — but maintaining the oral hygiene routine we have taught our children to follow at home is the first step towards keeping their teeth healthy on holiday too. Encouraging younger ones to adopt a healthy habit may take weeks of effort, but just one week of laziness can undo all the progress made. The number one rule for every parent, therefore, must be to set the tone for the holiday with consistency: whether we are at the beach or in the mountains, after every meal — everyone brushes their teeth!

A Suitcase… Holiday-Proof Smile Guaranteed

Swimsuit or hiking boots? Packed. Sun cream? Packed. But in our children’s luggage, we must also make sure to leave room for an oral hygiene kit. Pay particular attention to the toothbrush: make sure to use a perforated plastic toothbrush cover. Ventilation allows the bristles to stay dry, limiting bacterial growth.

The kit must also include the other essential elements for keeping teeth in top condition: toothpaste, dental floss, mouthwash, and saliva substitute sprays. On holiday, it is common to eat out or snack during a walk without having the immediate opportunity to brush, as we have taught our children to do. To deal with these pleasant predicaments, it can be very useful to carry a saliva substitute — it allows oral pH to be buffered after eating, limiting the proliferation of the bacteria that cause cavities and buying us the time we need to reach a toothbrush.

If we prefer to travel light — whether due to airline restrictions or because we have an on-the-go holiday planned — it is useful to choose oral hygiene products in travel-sized packaging, or to decant the desired amount into reusable containers.

A Healthy Diet

The summer holidays are the perfect time to indulge in a few treats. Whether it is an ice cream snack after a day at the beach or a slice of cake at a mountain lodge, our children are never more exposed to continuous temptations than when we are on holiday.
Limiting sugar intake is always rule number one for keeping teeth healthy. A little indulgence is fine, but whenever possible we should encourage kids to choose healthier options, such as fresh fruit snacks.

Hydration First and Foremost

It is the fundamental rule for staying healthy, but in the heat of the summer months it becomes even more important not to forget to stay adequately hydrated. Dehydration also affects oral health, causing a reduction in saliva production and therefore a greater susceptibility of the mouth to attack by harmful microorganisms.

Long train or plane journeys to reach holiday destinations can tempt our children to quench their thirst with less suitable drinks: it is always better to avoid consuming sweet and carbonated beverages, which are often acidic and consistently harmful to dental health.

Finally, on a sunny afternoon the temptation to quench one’s thirst with an ice-cold drink is irresistible. Ice, however, is no friend to teeth — it can damage enamel and cause painful reactions in those who are particularly sensitive. Using a straw helps limit this type of damage, although it is always preferable to consume beverages that are not excessively cold.

A Dental Check‑Up Before You Go

The weeks before departure are the ideal time for a dental check-up: let us suggest to our children that they schedule their periodic visit shortly before the holiday, so that they can head into their well-deserved days of rest with teeth and gums in top condition. Nobody wants to risk a cavity on the beach, after all!

A Valuable Ally in Orthodontics

Cavities, Further Reading

It is well known that the presence of fixed and/or removable orthodontic appliances makes plaque control more difficult, even for highly motivated patients. According to numerous studies, nearly all orthodontic patients develop gingival inflammation.

One of the most common side effects of fixed orthodontic treatment is the formation of carious lesions, usually appearing around the bracket attachments. These lesions often present as “white spots”, but in more severe cases, they can progress to full cavities.

Molto spesso si assiste anche a un processo di demineralizzazione attorno ai brackets dovuto ad una igiene orale non corretta che genera un accumulo di placca e tartaro.

In people who wear orthodontic appliances , plaque levels are, in fact, 2–3 times higher than those found in healthy adults. A decrease in salivary pH and an increase in the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus— bacteria that promote the development of dental caries—have also been observed .

Cariex®, a dental spray, is therefore essential for anyone wearing fixed or removable braces, as it helps maintain a neutral pH in the mouth, counteracting tooth decay and bacterial growth.

It is recommended to use it after every meal and especially in the evening after brushing your teeth and before going to bed, since there is a natural decrease in saliva flow during the night, which leads to an increase in acidity (pH).

Swimming, Chlorine, and Tooth Erosion: How to Protect Your Enamel

Dental Erosion, Further Reading, Tooth sensitivity

Swimming is a well-rounded, healthy sport suitable for all ages. However, people who swim frequently may expose their teeth and mouth to specific conditions: chlorinated water, changes in pH, mouth breathing, dehydration, and frequent consumption of sports drinks can affect the balance of the mouth.

For this reason, especially among regular or competitive swimmers, it is important to pay attention not only to athletic performance but also to the health of tooth enamel.

Why can swimming contribute to tooth erosion?

Dental erosion is the progressive loss of tooth surface caused by acidic substances of nonbacterial origin. Unlike tooth decay, it is not directly caused by bacterial action, butby frequent exposure of the enamel to acidic environments.

For swimmers, the risk may increase when the pool water is not properly balanced or when exposure is very prolonged. A properly maintained pool has a controlled pH, but when this balance is disrupted, the environment can become more corrosive to tooth enamel.

The problem may be more significant for swimmers who spend many hours in the water each week, because contact between the pool water and the surfaces of their teeth is more frequent and continuous.

Competitive and recreational swimmers: Does the risk change?

Yes. An amateur swimmer who visits the pool occasionally generally has limited exposure. The situation is different for those who train several times a week or swim at a competitive level.

Long workouts, heavy breathing, frequently keeping the mouth open, repeated exposure to chlorinated water, and possible dehydration can reduce saliva’s natural protective role. In fact, saliva helps neutralize acids and restore the oral pH to a balanced state.

However, whenexposure to acids is frequent or prolonged, the mouth may have a harder time quickly restoring its natural balance.

Signs You Shouldn't Underestimate

Tooth erosion can begin without any noticeable symptoms. Often, the problem isn’t noticed until more obvious symptoms appear.

Some of the signs to watch for include:

increased sensitivity to cold, heat, or acidic foods
teeth that look duller or less smooth
rough texture
stains or discoloration of the enamel
Discomfort after frequent swimming workouts

If you experience persistent sensitivity or notice visible changes in your enamel, it is always advisable to consult your dentist or dental hygienist.

What to Do to Protect Your Teeth After Swimming

The first rule is not to brush your teeth immediately after exposure to acid. When the enamel is temporarily more vulnerable, brushing right away can be too harsh.

It’s better to adopt a gentler routine:

1. Rinse your mouth with water after your workout
2. Drink water to promote hydration and saliva production
3. Wait before brushing your teeth
4. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush
5. Limit acidic or sugary sports drinks, especially during frequent workouts
6. See your dentist for regular checkups, especially if you participate in competitive swimming

Brushing your teeth thoroughly before your workout can also be helpful, as it reduces food particles and plaque before you get in the pool.

The Role of Oral pH

Oral pH is one of the key factors in oral health. After consuming foods, sugary drinks, sports drinks, or being exposed to acidic environments, the pH can drop, making the enamel more susceptible to demineralization and erosion.

Under normal conditions, saliva helps restore balance in the mouth. However, during intense physical activity, saliva production may decrease due to dehydration and mouth breathing.

For this reason, people who swim frequently may need a practical solution to help maintain their oral pH balance throughout the day and after a workout.

Cariex®: A Simple Step for Swimmers' Smiles

Cariex® is a daily dental spray formulated with baking soda, xylitol, and hyaluronic acid, designed to help maintain oral pH balance during times when the mouth is most exposed to acidity.

For swimmers , it can be a practical aid to incorporate into their daily routine, especially after workouts, when drinking sports drinks, eating snacks, or when it’s not possible to brush their teeth right away.

Its formula helps support oral health and contributes to creating a more balanced environment, which is beneficial for the daily protection of tooth enamel and for preventing factors that can lead to tooth erosion, demineralization, and the risk of cavities.

Read the in-depth article and the full research report.

Cariex® — A daily routine to protect the balance of your smile.

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Oral Health During Pregnancy: Essential for Both Mother and Baby

Thrush in Infants: 4 Ways to Get Rid of It